Thulium
69
Tm
Skupina
n/a
Perioda
6
Blok
f
Protony
Elektrony
Neutrony
69
69
100
Hlavní vlastnosti
Atomové číslo
69
Atomová hmotnost
168,93421
Hmotnostní číslo
169
Kategorie
Lanthanoidy
Barva
Stříbrná
Radioaktivní
Ne
Named after Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia
Krystalografická soustava
Hexagonální
Historie
Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
Elektronů v obalu
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Elektronová konfigurace
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Thulium ore occurs most commonly in China
Fyzické vlastnosti
Skupenství
Pevná
Hustota
9,321 g/cm3
Teplota tání
1818,15 K | 1545 °C | 2813 °F
Teplota varu
2223,15 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F
Skupenské teplo tání
16,8 kJ/mol
Skupenské teplo varu
250 kJ/mol
Měrná tepelná kapacita
0,16 J/g·K
Hojnost v zemské kůře
0,000045%
Hojnost ve vesmíru
1×10-8%
Číslo CAS
7440-30-4
PubChem CID číslo
23961
Atomové vlastnosti
Atomový poloměr
176 pm
Kovalentní poloměr
190 pm
Elektronegativita
1,25 (Paulingova stupnice)
Ionizační potenciál
6,1843 eV
Molární objem
18,1 cm3/mol
Tepelná vodivost
0,168 W/cm·K
Oxidační čísla
2, 3
Aplikace
Thulium is used to dope yttrium aluminum garnets used in lasers.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
Thulium is considered to be non-toxic
Izotopy
Stabilní izotopy
169TmNestabilní izotopy
145Tm, 146Tm, 147Tm, 148Tm, 149Tm, 150Tm, 151Tm, 152Tm, 153Tm, 154Tm, 155Tm, 156Tm, 157Tm, 158Tm, 159Tm, 160Tm, 161Tm, 162Tm, 163Tm, 164Tm, 165Tm, 166Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 170Tm, 171Tm, 172Tm, 173Tm, 174Tm, 175Tm, 176Tm, 177Tm, 178Tm, 179Tm