Thorium
90
Th
Skupina
n/a
Perioda
7
Blok
f
Protony
Elektrony
Neutrony
90
90
142
Hlavní vlastnosti
Atomové číslo
90
Atomová hmotnost
232,03806
Hmotnostní číslo
232
Kategorie
Aktinoidy
Barva
Stříbrná
Radioaktivní
Ano
Named after Thor, Scandinavian god of war
Krystalografická soustava
Krychlová plošně centrovaná
Historie
Thorium was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1828, in Stockholm, Sweden.
Thorium was first observed to be radioactive in 1898, independently, by Polish-French physicist Marie Curie and German chemist Gerhard Carl Schmidt.
The crystal bar process was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925 to produce high-purity metallic thorium.
Thorium was first observed to be radioactive in 1898, independently, by Polish-French physicist Marie Curie and German chemist Gerhard Carl Schmidt.
The crystal bar process was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925 to produce high-purity metallic thorium.
Elektronů v obalu
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
Elektronová konfigurace
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Thorium fuel research is continuing in several countries including the USA and India
Fyzické vlastnosti
Skupenství
Pevná
Hustota
11,7 g/cm3
Teplota tání
2115,15 K | 1842 °C | 3347,6 °F
Teplota varu
5061,15 K | 4788 °C | 8650,4 °F
Skupenské teplo tání
16 kJ/mol
Skupenské teplo varu
530 kJ/mol
Měrná tepelná kapacita
0,113 J/g·K
Hojnost v zemské kůře
0,0006%
Hojnost ve vesmíru
4×10-8%
Autorská práva obrázku: Wikimedia Commons (NASA/ESA/JHU/R.Sankrit & W.Blair)
The Earth's thorium originated in the death throes of ancient stars
Číslo CAS
7440-29-1
PubChem CID číslo
23960
Atomové vlastnosti
Atomový poloměr
179 pm
Kovalentní poloměr
206 pm
Elektronegativita
1,3 (Paulingova stupnice)
Ionizační potenciál
6,3067 eV
Molární objem
19,9 cm3/mol
Tepelná vodivost
0,54 W/cm·K
Oxidační čísla
2, 3, 4
Aplikace
Thorium is used to coat tungsten filaments in light bulbs.
It is also used in its oxide form in gas tungsten arc welding to increase the high-temperature strength of tungsten electrodes and improve arc stability.
Thorium-magnesium alloys are used in the aerospace industry for aircraft engines.
It is also used in its oxide form in gas tungsten arc welding to increase the high-temperature strength of tungsten electrodes and improve arc stability.
Thorium-magnesium alloys are used in the aerospace industry for aircraft engines.
Thorium je vysoce radioaktivní
Izotopy
Stabilní izotopy
232ThNestabilní izotopy
209Th, 210Th, 211Th, 212Th, 213Th, 214Th, 215Th, 216Th, 217Th, 218Th, 219Th, 220Th, 221Th, 222Th, 223Th, 224Th, 225Th, 226Th, 227Th, 228Th, 229Th, 230Th, 231Th, 233Th, 234Th, 235Th, 236Th, 237Th, 238Th